Data Set

Data sets consist of research data ('raw data') used in a document for a table, for example.

  • If there is no version number it is omitted.
  • The publication date for published sets is the year of publication and for unpublished sets is the year(s) of collection.

Owner of the data set. (Publication date). Title of data set (Version number) [Data set]. Publisher. Retrieved Month day, year, from http://xxxx or https://xxxx or https://doi.org/xxxx

 

Pew Research Center. (2018). America trends panel Wave 26 [Dataset]. Retrieved February 21, 2021, from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/dataset/american-trends-panel-wave-26/

Parenthetical citation: (Pew Research Center, 2018)

Narrative citation: Pew Research Center (2018)

  • If you are citing existing data or statistics, cite the publication in which the data were published (e.g., a journal article, report, or webpage) rather than the data set itself.

 

Software or Mobile App

  • Common software (e.g. Word, Excel, Photoshop or SPSS) and mobile apps (e.g. Facebook, Instagram, Twitter) mentioned in the text, but not paraphrased or quoted, do not need citations. Simply give the proper name of the software or app along with version number in the text, if relevant.
Data were analysed with IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 25).

 

  • The publication date of a computer software is the year of publication of the version used;
  • The bracketed description is flexible: [Computer software], [Mobile app], [Apparatus and software];
  • For a mobile app the publisher can be stated as Google Play Store or App Store;
  • To cite a content of a social media app see Social Media.

Author, A. (Publication date). Name of programme (Version number) [Description]. Publisher. Retrieved Month day, year, from http://xxxx or https://xxxxx

 

Koha-community. (2021). Koha Library Software (Version 20.05.09) [Computer software]. Koha. Retrieved February 28, 2021, from https://koha-community.org

Parenthetical citation: (Koha-community, 2021)

Narrative citation: Koha-community (2021)

 

ChatGPT

Regarding source citations for AI-generated texts, like ChatGPT, the APA still needs to formulate a guideline.

 

For now, the advice is to refer to software generated texts like you would refer to software. Use OpenAI when you mention the author. In addition, include the generated text as an appendix to your report, so the reader or assessor can read the content for himself.

OpenAI. (2022, 30 November). ChatGPT: Optimizing language models for dialogue (Version 3.5) [Web application]. Retrieved op January 26, 2023, from https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt/

Parenthetical citation: (OpenAI, 2022)

Narrative citation: OpenAI (2022)

 

Indicate in your text which part is generated by ChatGPT, by using a citation or paraphrase and which orders were given to generate the text. For example:

To formulate the problem statement, we utilized ChatGPT (OpenAI, 2022) with the order “…”.

At “…” write the text/order used for the chatbot.

 

If you included the by chatbot generated text in the appendix of your report, you only need to refer to the appendix.

To formulate the problem statement, we utilized ChatGPT (OpenAI, 2022; see Appendix A).

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